Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Part 1: Muscular System

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Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Epitrochleoanconeus
Redrawn and modified from an illustration in Toldt, C.
In "An Atlas of Human Anatomy for Students and Physicians".

Doubled Flexor Carpi Ulnaris.
from Calori.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Accessory Flexor (Opponens) Digiti Minimi Brevis
and Palmaris Longus with a reversed belly.
Dissecting room specimen.
University of Iowa.

Accessory Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis from Tendon of Palmaris Longus.
source unknown.

Pisiuncinatus
This small muscle was found extending between the hamate to the pisiform bones
from Calori (1867)

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Manus)

Long Flexor Tendons of the Toes.
h= flexor hallucis longus; d= flexor digitorum longus; a= accessorius; a1 and a2 parts of accessorius when split; l1 and l2; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = tendons for the supply of the respective toes.
from Macalister.

Flexor Digitorum Longus Communis (Pedis)

Digastric Flexor Digitorum Superficialis.
in a Medical student.

An Unusual Flexor Digitorum Sublimis Muscle.
This case is an example where the index portion of the left flexor digitorum superficialis of an adult male formed two bellies with separate tendons in the distal third of the forearm, and a further smaller belly in the palm of the hand. An explanation for the preceding and following illustrations. from Mainland.

Flexor digitorum superficialis accessorius
Accessory palmar muscle mass associated with the superficialis muscle.
Dissecting room specimen, University of Iowa
See Tountas and Halikman.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Flexor Accessorius Longus.
from Nidecker, Hochstetter, and Fredenhagen

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Gantzer's Muscle joining flexor pollicis longus.
Laboratory specimen, University of Iowa.

Gantzer's Muscle.
from Schäfer and Thane, Quain's Anatomy.

Varieties of Gantzer's Muscle.
from Mangini.

The Thumb and Index Finger share a common tendon.
The source of the common tendon is not known in this case, but flexor pollicis longus is frequently partially doubled and is known to give rise to an accessory tendon that extends to the index finger. in a Graduate Student.

Flexor Pollicis Longus

A Doubled Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle.
from Saadeh, Kawas, and Bergman.

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