Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: B
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
In 41% of 62 limbs, the long head took origin from the sacrotuberous ligament.
Macalister reported the variations of biceps flexor cruris (biceps femoris) as follows:
Syn.: m. biceps cruris, flexor cruris fibularis, flexor cruris lateralis, Wadenbeinbeuger, aeusserer Beuger, zweikopfiger Beuger.
References
Bajaj, I.D. and S. Sood. (1962) Anomalous insertion of the biceps femoris muscle. J. Anat. Soc. India 11:92.
Barry,D. and J.S. Bothroyd. (1924) Tensor fasciae suralis. J. Anat. 58:382-383.
Gladykowska-Rzeczyczka, J. (1964) Accessory bundle of the short head of biceps femoris muscle. Folia Morphol. (Warsaw) 23:75-78.
Gruber, W. (1872) Sur un muscle tenseur de l'aponeurose surale partant du demitendineaux. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 17:289-291.
Gruber, W. (1873) Sur une variante du muscle tenseur de l'aponeurose surale, partant du muscle demi-tendineux. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 18:157-158.
Gruber, W. (1886) Tensor fascia femoris posterior digastricus. Arch. Path. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 103:475-477.
Hepburn, D. (1893) Complete separation of the two heads of biceps flexor cruris muscle. J. Anat. Physiol. 27: 282-284.
Hildebrand, R. (1978) Discovery of a variant in the region of the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris. Anat. Anz. 144:48-50.
Holmgren, H. Ein Fall von bilateraler Doppelbildung des caput longum Musculi bicipitis femoris. Anat. Anz. 86:269-271.
Klaatsch, H. (1911) Über eine dem Tenissimus ahnliche Variation am biceps femoris des Menschen. Anat. Anz. 38:305-310.
Macalister, A. (1875) Additional observations on muscular anomalies in human anatomy (third series), with a catalogue of the principal muscular variations hitherto published. Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. Sci. 25:1-134.
Miyauchi, R. (1985c) A case of tensor fasciae suralis muscle. Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. 30:285-292.
Moore, A.T. (1922) An anomalous connection of the pyriformis and biceps femoris muscles. Anat. Rec. 23:307-309.
Niizima, M.. (1938) Ein Fall von überzähligem Kopf des M. biceps femoris beim Menschen. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 16:187-192.
Nonaka, T. and T. Ishii. (1953) One case of tensor fasciae suralis. Chiba Igakkai Zasshi 29:261. In Japanese.
Wood, J. (1867) On human muscular variations in relation to comparative anatomy. J. Anat. Physiol. 1:44-59.
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