Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I:
Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: L
Levator Scapulae
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
This muscle is composed of two parts that may vary independently of
each other. Krause and Wood have classified these two as follows:
A dorsal fasciculus, with two subtypes.
the deviant fasciculus arises from the dorsal portion
of the upper part of the origin (cervicle vertebrae) and runs
downward and is inserted into serratus posterior superior, or
the rhomboids, or onto a spinous process/es of vertebrae.
a deviant fasciculus arises from the mastoid process,
runs with splenius capitis and inserts onto the medial angle of
the scapula.
A ventral fasciculus. This slip arises from the cervical
vertebrae and runs downward and inserts on the ventral surface of
subscapularis or serratus posterior superior.
Other variations have been described :
a variable origin from the first to seventh cervical
vertebrae, most commonly, however, it arises from the first and
second. Mori reported that the origin, found most frequently in
his series, was from cervicle 1, 2, 3, and 4 (66.6%). Cervicle 1,
2, and 3 was the next most common (26.6%). Cervicle 1 and 2 and
Cervicle 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were less common origins (3.3%) for
levator scapulae.
Mori reported addlitional variations from his series. A
deviant slip arises from the medial margin of levator scapulae,
which runs medialward and downward to be inserted onto the spinous
process of the second thoracic vertebra, or on the dorsal surface
of serratus posterior superior, or on the dorsolumbar fascia. This
variation was found by Mori in 9 (9%, right side 4 times and on
the left 5 times) sides of 50 cadavers. In addition, Mori reported
a deviant slip arising from the medial margin of levator scapulae,
runs downward, and inserts on the ventral surface of
subscapularis. This variation was found in 22 of 100 sides (on the
right side in 7 cases and on the left in 15).
slips may extend to the temporal or occipital bones.
slips may extend to the rhomboids, serratus anterior,
serratus posterior superior, and the trapezius muscles;
slips may extend to the clavicle, first and second ribs,
and spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra;
parts of the muscle separated from each other, arising from
a vertebral origin may insert on the angle of the scapula (levator
anguli scapulae);
a detached slip from various cervical vertebrae to the
lateral end of the clavicle and acromion, corresponding to the
levator claviculae found normally in other vertebrates; and
insertion with rhomboideus minor, or bundles to splenius
capitis or the scalenes may be found.
Macalister has found the following variations for the levator
scapulae:
The muscle may have a slip of origin from the squama
temporis (Meckel, 1826);
Or from the mastoid process (Blandin);
Or from the trapezius;
With five separate vertebral origins, and one from the
oblique process of the sixth cervical vertebra;
With a head from the second to the fourth dorsal
spines;
Cleft into two parts, the upper coming from the first and
second, the lower from the third and fourth cervical transverse
processes (Wood); This splitting occurs in one of nine subjects,
and is illustrated by Cuvier and Laurillard.
Kelch (1813) found it cleft into three, and of these the
middle was inserted into the scapulo-thoracic fascia;
Rosenmüller(1814) found a aberrant slip of this muscle
passing from the first cervical transverse process into the first
"tooth" of serratus magnus (anterior);
A union of this muscle and serratus like that in the
quadrumana (four- footed animals) is described by Henle;
A slip of levator was found to be inserted into the middle
of serratus was found by Flower and Murie in a Bushwoman;
Wood found it split into six slips;
Macalister found it split into three parts;
In one case of fission into six, Wood found it to take
origin from the fascia and fibers of the transversalis colli (the
extension of longissimus into the neck, longissimus cervicis), the
three upper and part of the fourth formed a normal muscle, the
rest of the fourth and nearly all the fifth were inserted into the
vertebral border of the scapula as far as the spine, intimately
connected to the serratus magnus (anterior), the lowest slip was
blended with rhomboideus minor at its insertion;
A slip onto the scapular spine was seen by M'Whinnie and
Blandin;
Macalister found a separate slip lying deeper at first
than the rest of the levator, finally crossing its insertion, to
be inserted into the base of the triangular space at the root of
the spine of the scapula;
A slip missing the scapula, and inserted between it and
the spinal column, was seen by Otto and Meckel; a similar slip
inserted into the second rib was seen by Blandin, Meckel, and
Theile; in another case, Clason found a lower part of levator.
inserted onto the first and second ribs anterior to serratus
magnus (anterior);
It has been found sending a slip to be inserted with the
serratus posticus superior (Theile and Kelch);
Or to the scalenus posticus;
Or scalenus medius (Wood);
to splenius capitis (Wood);
Or to complexus (semispinalis capitis).
Syn.: m. levator anguli scapulae, patientiae, Schulterheber,
angulaire.
Varieties of Shoulder Muscles-Levator Scapulae.
Modified and redrawn from Wood.
Muscles of the Scapula, Neck, and Head.
Left 1, Back view of the human shoulder, showing occipito-scapularis
(d) on the right side.
Middle 2, Back view on both sides, showing varieties homologous with
the occipito- scapularis (d,d), and one other anomalous slip
(ø) of rhomboideus major (R).
Right 3, Back view on left side, showing homologous
occipito-scapularis (¶) and two slips (e and n) from levator scapulae
(f) to serratus anterior (S) and serratus posterior superior (s).
from Wood.
Muscles of the Scapula, Neck, and Head.
Left 4, Back view on left side, showing slips (e and n) of levator
scapulae (f) to serratus posterior superior (s) and serratus anterior
(S).
Left middle 5, Back view on right side, showing homologous slips (e
and n) to the same muscles from the front surface of levator scapulae
(f).
Right middle 6, Back view on right side, showing homologous slip (n)
in front of levator scapulae (f) to serratus anterior (S).
Right 7. Back view on left side, showing slips (F) of levator
scapulae (f) to serratus anterior (S) and rhomboideus minor (r).
from Wood.
Occipitoscapularis.
Dissecting room specimen,
University of Iowa.
Occipitoscapularis.
Redrawn and modified from Wood.
References
Anson, B.J., Ed. (1966) Morris' Human Anatomy,12th ed., The
Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York
Henle, J. (1871) Handbuch der Muskellehre des Menschen, in
Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. Verlag von
Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig.
Latarjet, A. (1948) Testut's Traité D'Anatomie Humaine, 9th
ed., G. Doin & Cie., Paris.
Macalister, A. (1875) Additional observations on muscular
anomalies in human anatomy (third series), with a catalogue of the
principal muscular variations hitherto published. Trans. Roy. Irish
Acad. Sci. 25:1-134.
Mori, M. (1964) Statistics on the musculature of the Japanese.
Okajimas Fol. Anat. Jap. 40:195-300.
Mori, -. and -. Minoru. (1950) On the M. levator scapulae. Sotai
Taiji no Kaibogakuteki Kenkyu. 11:79-153. In Japanese.
Schaefer, E.A., Symington, J. and T.H. Bryce, Eds. (1923) Quain's
Anatomy. 11th ed. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Tochiuchi, I. and K. Tsukahara. (1944) On the anomaly of the M.
levator scapulae. Iwate Ikakusenmongakko Zasshi. 7:36-92. In
Japanese.
Wood, J. (1867) On human muscular variations in their relation to
comparative anatomy. J. Anat. Physiol. 15: 44-59.
Wood, J. (1868) Variations in human myology observed during the
winter session of 1867-68 at king's College, London. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Lond. B. 17: 483-525.
Wood, J. (1870) On a group of varieties of the muscles of the
human neck, shoulder, and chest, and their transitional forms and
homologies in the mammalia. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond.
160:83-116.
Yamada, K. (1933) One case of the variation of the M. levator
scapulae. Aichi Igakkai Zasshi. 40:1351-1354.
Yamada, K. (1934) Ein fall von Variation des M. levator scapulae
beim Menschen. Nagoya Journal of Medical sciences.
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