Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Cervical Spinal Nerves
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
The ramus descendens hypoglossi may be replaced by the vagus (CN X). When no ansa is present, the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles is by branches arising directly from C2 and C3. The nerve to the thyrohyoid may arise as a branch of the ramus descendens hypoglossi.
The phrenic nerve may also receive a contribution from the descendens hypoglossi.
Variable connections with the cervical sympathetic trunk have been reported.
References
Langsam, C.L.M (1941) Omohyoideus in American Whites and Negroes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 28:249-259.
Lippmann, R. von (1910) Abnormer Ursprung des Ramus descendens N. hypoglossi aus dem N. vagus. Anat. Anz. 37:1-4.
Rodrigues, A. (1930) Le descendens cervicalis chez l'homme et chez le mammifères (quelques notes sur son évolution phylogénique). Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 25:267-282.
Schaefer, E.A., Symington, J. and T.H. Bryce., Eds. (1915) Quain's Anatomy, 11th ed., Longmans, Green, and Co., London.
Turner, W. (1893) A phrenic nerve receiving a root of origin from the descendens hypoglossi. J. Anat. Physiol. 27:427.
Winckler, G. (1955) A propros des relations que relations que existent entre le plexus cervical et le nerf grand hypoglosse. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 42:1415-1419.
Wischnewsky, A.S. (1930) Die Aufbautypen des Ramus descendens nervi hypoglossi. Z. Anat. Entwicklundsgeschichte 92:551-564.
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