Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Sympathetic Division
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
It is usually formed from the tenth and eleventh thoracic ganglia.
The nerve arises symmetrically in 35% of bodies.
"Normal" (usual) nerves (T10-T11) occurred in 14% of subjects; only 1% of these were symmetric bilaterally.
The greater and lesser nerves may be carried in the same trunk.
References
Cruveilhier, J. (1851) Traité d'Anatomie Descriptive, 3rd ed., G. Doin & Cie., Paris.
Edwards, L.F. and R.C. Baker. (1940) Variations in the formation of the splanchnic nerves in man. Anatomical Record 77:335-342.
Henle, J. (1868) Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Baunschweig.
Jackson, C.M., Ed. (1933) Morris' Human Anatomy, 9th ed., P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Inc., Philadelphia.
Kopsch, F. (1908) Rauber's Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Georg Thieme, Leipzig.
Królikowska, M. and R. Zawodniak. (1979) Variation of origin of major, minor and the lowest splanchnic nerves in man. Folia Morphol. (Warsaw) 38:341-346.
Latarjet, A. (1948) Testut's Traité d'Anatomie Humain, 9th ed., G. Doin & Cie., Paris.
Loeweneck, H., Stork, H.T. and P. Loeweneck. (1970) Variationsstatistische Untersuchung zum Zwerchfelldurchtritt der Nervi splanchnici. Anat. Anz. 126:531-547.
Pereira, S. (1930) Sur les rapports des nerfs splanchniques avec les piliers du diaphragme chez l'homme. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 25:252-266.
Reed, A.F. (1951) The origins of the splanchnic nerves. Anat. Rec. 109:341.
Schaefer, E.A., Symington, J. and T.H. Bryce., Eds. (1915) Quain's Anatomy, 11th ed., Longmans, Green, and Co., London.
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