Anatomy Atlases(tm) : A digital library of anatomy information

Home | About | FAQ | Reviews | Search

Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Sympathetic Division: Sacral Ganglia

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Sympathetic Division

Sacral Ganglia

These vary greatly in size and number, but there are usually four. A single median terminal ganglion (ganglion impar or coccygeal ganglion) is often found at the distal end of the sympathetic chain of ganglia on the proximal part of the coccyx. Variations in size and number of ganglia are greater in the sacral region than in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

The sympathetic chain of ganglia has been found terminating at the level of the second sacral nerve.

Image 77


References

Allan, F.D. An analysis of the cervicothoracic visceral branches of the vagus and the sympathetic trunk in the presence of an anomalous right subclavian artery. Anat. Rec. 132:71-80, 1958.

Ashley, F.L. and B.J. Anson. The pelvic autonomic nerves in the male. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 82: 598-608, 1946.

Atlas, L.N. A modified form of lumbar sympathectomy for denervating the blood vessels of the leg and foot; anatomic considerations. Ann. Surg. 111:117-125, 1940.

Atlas, L.N. Sympathetic denervation limited to the blood vessels of the leg and foot, II. Ann Surg. 116:476-479, 1942.

Beck, T.S. On the structure and functions of the sympathetic nervous system. Lancet 1:615-617, 1847.

Becker, R.F. and J.A. Grunt. The cervical sympathetic ganglia. Anat. Rec. 127:1-14, 1957.

Botar, J. Vouvelle orientation dans la systématisation du sympathique. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 28:85-101, 1933.

Boyd, J.D. and P.A.G. Monro. Parial retention of autonomic functuion after paravertevral sympathectomy. Lancet 2:892-895, 1949.

Cotte, G. and R. Noel. Sure l'existence de ganglion sympathiques dans le nerf présacré. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 23:99, 1928.

Cruveilhier, J Traité d'Anatomie Descriptive, 3rd ed., G. Doin & Cie., Paris.

Curtis, A.H., Anson, B.J., Ashley, F.L. and T. Jones. (1942) The anatomy of the pelvic autonomic nerves in relation to gynecology. Surg., Gynecol. Obstet. 75:743-750.

Edwards, E.A. Operative anatomy of the lumbar sympathetic chain. Angiology 2:184-198, 1951.

Edwards, L.F. and R.C. Baker, Variations in the formation of the splanchnic nerves in man. Anatomical Record 88:335-342, 1940.

Ehrlich, E. JR> and W.F. Alexander. Surgical implications of upper thoracic independent sympathetic pathways. Arch. Surg. 62:609-614, 1951.

Ellison, J.P. and T.H. Williams, Sympathetic nerve pathways to the humna heart and their variations. Am. J. Anat. 124:149-162, 1969.

Fawcett, E, (1895) An unusual mode and site of termination of the right sacral sympathetic cord. J. Anat. Physiol. 29:329.

Harman, N.B. The pelvic splanchnic nerves; An examination into their range and character. J. Anat. Physiol. 33:386-399, 1899.

Henle, J. (1868) Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. von Friedrich Veweg und Sohn, Baunschweig.

Iwanow, G. Zur Grage der Topographic der Paraganglien beim Menschen. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 84:544-547, 1927.

Jackson, C.M., Ed. (1933) Morris' Human Anatomy, 9th ed., P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Inc., Philadelphia.

Jit, I. and R.N. Mukerjee. Observations on the anatomy of the human thoracic sympathetic chain and its branches; with an anatomical assessment of operations of hypertension. J. Anat. Soc. India 9:55-82, 1960.

Kirgis, H.D. and A. Kuntz. Inconstant sympathetic neural pathways. Their relations to sympathetic denevation of upper extremity. Arch. Surg. 44:95-102, 1942.

Kochanowski, J. The vertebral loop in man. Folia Morphol. 37:353-355, 1978.

Kopsch, F. (1908) Rauber's Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Georg Thieme, Leipzig.

Kuntz, A. and W.F. Aexander. Surgical implications of lower thoracic and lumbar independent sympathetic pathways. Arch. Surg. 61:1007-1018, 1950.

Latarjet, A. (1948) Testut's Traité d'Anatomie Humain, 9th ed., G. Doin & Cie., Paris.

Monteiro, H. and A. Rodrigues. Sur les variations du nerf vertebral. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 26:406-419, 1931.

Potts, T.K. The main peripheral connections ofthe human sympathetic nervous system. J. Anat. 59:129-135, 1925.

Ranson, S. Anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system with reference to sympathectomy and ramsection. JAMA 86:1886-1890, 1926.

Ray, B.S. and A.D. Console. Residual sympathetic pathways after paravertebral sympathectomy. Journal Neurosurg. 5:23-50, 1948.

Real, K. Eine Abnormitat im Verhalten des Grenzstranges des Nervus sympathicus. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wissen. Med. 1871. pp. 180-183.

Rodrigues, A. communicating branches between the cervical sympathetic and the descendens cervicalis. J. Anat. 64:308-318, 1930.

Schaefer, E.A., Symington, J. and T.H. Bryce., Eds. (1915) Quain's Anatomy, 11th ed., Longmans, Green, and Co., London.

Sheehan, D. Spinal autonomic outflows in man and monkey. J. Comp. neurol. 75:341-370, 1941.

Siwe, S.A. THe cervical part of the gangliated cord, with special reference to its connections with the spinal nerves and certain cerebral nerves. Am. J. Anat. 48:479-497, 1931.

Skoog, T. Ganglia in the communicating rami of the cervical sympathetic trunk. Lancet 2:457-460, 1947.

Wrete, M. The anatomy of the sympathetic trunks in man. J. Anat. 93:448-459.

Yeager, G.H. and R.A. Cowley. Anatomical observations on the lumbar sympathetics with evaluation of sympathectomies in organic peripheral vascular disease. Ann. Surg. 127:953-967, 1948.

Section Top | Title Page
Home | About Us | FAQ | Reviews | Contact Us | Search

Anatomy Atlases is curated by Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D. and Ronald A. Bergman, Ph.D.

Please send us comments by filling out our Comment Form.

All contents copyright © 1995-2024 the Author(s) and Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D. All rights reserved.

"Anatomy Atlases", the Anatomy Atlases logo, and "A digital library of anatomy information" are all Trademarks of Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D.

Anatomy Atlases is funded in whole by Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D. Advertising is not accepted.

Your personal information remains confidential and is not sold, leased, or given to any third party be they reliable or not.

The information contained in Anatomy Atlases is not a substitute for the medical care and advice of your physician. There may be variations in treatment that your physician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

URL: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/