Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Digestive System and Spleen
Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
A case has been reported of displacement of the parotid gland on one side, with the entire gland being located on the masseter muscle. The gland may extend to the mandibular ramus to cover the buccinator muscle. Its absence has also been recorded. The parotid duct may be doubled.
Accessory parotid gland tissue may be found strung-out along the course of the parotoid duct. Frommer reported 21% of ninety-six dissections had detached accessory parotid glandular tissue at variable distances from the main gland.
The facial nerve (CN VII) passes through the gland in a variable way! See Facial (CN VII) nerve in the Nervous System section of this encyclopedia.
Sistrunk (1921) reported the incidence of parotid tumor to be as low as 0.006%, but the treatment of the lesion is fraught with great difficulty anatomicafiy and surgically.
Accessory Parotid Gland
Accessory Parotid Tissue
References
Bailey, H. (1948) Surgical anatomy of the parotid gland. Brit. M. J. 2:245-248
Barbat, J.H. (1916) Complete removal of the parotid gland without injury to the facial nerve. California State J. M. 14:115-116.
Bataskis, J.G. (1986) Pathology consultation; Heterotopic and accessory alivary tissues, Annals Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology (Annals of Head & Neck Medicine & Surgery) 95(4):434-435.
Boulgakow, B. (1926) A case of maldevelopment of the right parotid gland. J. Anat. 60:341.
Brünner, H. (1962) Zur makroskopischen Form der Glandula parotis. Anat. Anz. 110:327-335.
D'Argent, M. and P. Duroux. (1946) Donnees anatorniques concernant la morphologic et certains rapports du facial intra-parotidien. Presse méd. 54:523-524.
Davis, R.A., Anson, B.J., Budinger, J.M. and Le Roy E. Kurth. (1956) Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 102(4): 385-412.
Frommer, J. (1977) The human accessory parotid gland: Its incidence, nature, and significance.
Gasser, R.F. (1970) The early development of the parotid gland around the facial nerve and its branches in man. Anat. Rec. 167:63-77.
Giannelli, L., Lahgi, A. and V. Quercioli. (1899) Recherches sur le canal de sténon. Arch. Ital. Biol. 32:460.
Grégoire, R. (1912) Le nerf facial et la parotide. J. de l'Anat. et de l'Physiol. Norm. et Pathol. de l'Homme et des Animaux. 48:437-447
Gruber, W. (1865) Congenitaler Mangel der Parotis der rechten Seite in der Excavatio parotidea und Ersatz derselben durch eine in der Regio masseterico-buccinatoria gelagerte, voluminöse Drüse bei einem Mann. Arch. Pathol. Anato. Physiol. Klin. Med. 32:228-231.
Gruber, W. (1872) Ungewöhnliche Lage des Nervus facialis in der Parotis zu den Gefässen. Arch. f. Pathologische Anatomie u. Physiol. u. f. Klinische Medicine 45(2):190.
Hurford, F.R. (1946) The surgical anatomy of the parotid glands Brit. J. Surg. 34:186-187.
McCormack, L.J., Cauldwell, E.W. and B.J. Anson. (1945) The surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. With special reference to the parotid gland. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. 80:620-630.
McKenzie, J. (1948) The parotid gland in relation to the facial nerve. J. Anat. 82:183-196.
McWhorter, G.L. (1917) The relations of the superfucial and deep lobes of the parotid gland to the ducts and to the facial nerve. Anat. Rec. 12:149-154.
McWhorter, G.L. (1927) Operation on two cases of secondary carcinoma and one case of primary cystadenoma of the parotid g1wid. Relation of the parotid to the facial nerve. Surg. Clin. N. America 7:489-505.
Najwer, K. and J. Jaszkin-Grudzinska. (1982) A case of two-lobar parotid gland. Folia Morphol. (Warsaw) 41:335-337.
Nayak, U.V. and A.A. Ayyar. (1927) Anomalies in the development of salivary glands. J. Anat. 61:261-262.
Parsons, F.G. (1911) On the form of the parotid gland. J. Anat. Physiol. 45:239-241.
Patey, D.H. and I. Ranger. Some points in the surgical anatomy of the parotid gland. Brit. J. Surg. 45:251-258.
Polayes, I.M. and R.M. Rankow. (1979) Cystes, Masses, and tumors of the accessory parotid gland. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 64:17-23.
Saltzstein, H. C. (1936) Total removal of parotid gland with preservation of facial nerve. Ann. Surg. 103:635-638.
Sistrunk, W.E. (1921) Mixed tumors of the parotid gland. Minnesota Med. 4:155-160.
State, D. (1949) Superficial lobectomy and total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve in treatment of parotid tumors. Surg., Gynecol. Obstet. 89:237-241.
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