Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Pharynx

Anatomy Atlases(tm) : A digital library of anatomy information

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Digestive System and Spleen

Pharynx

Ronald A. Bergman, PhD
Adel K. Afifi, MD, MS
Ryosuke Miyauchi, MD
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

The principal variations of the pharynx are due to the persistence of the visceral clefts or to irregularities in their position. Various cases of this type have been described as pharyngeal diverticula or cervical fistulae.

A pituitary nodule has been found in the pharyngeal wall.

References

Arey, L.B. (1974) Developmental Anatomy, 7th ed., Revised. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Arey, L.B. (1950) The craniopharyngeal canal reviewed and reinterpreted. Anat. Rec. 106:1-16.

Berans, C. (1893) Anomalies of the uvula. Philadelphia Med. Bulletin 15:177-179.

Berry, G. (1934) Branchial cyst: Two instructive cases. Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryngol. 43:287-293.

Blumberg, J.B., Stevenson, J.K., Lemire, R.J. and E.A. Boyden. (1965) Laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft, the embryologic implications: Review of the literature. Surgery 57:559-566.

Bolman, R.M. (1946) Bilateral branchial cleft cyst. Am. J. Surg. 71:96-99.

Civalleri, A. (1908) L'hypohyse pharyngienne chez l'homme. Assoc. Anatomistes Comptes Rendus 10:128-133.

Fraser, J.E. (1923) The nomenclature of diseased states caused by certain vestigial structures in the neck. Brit. J. Surg. 11:131-136.

Fraser, J.E. (1,926) The disappearance of the precervical sinus. J. Anat. 61:132-143.

Garrett, F.D. (1948) Development of cervical vesicles in man. Anat. Rec. 100:101-113.

Kaufmann, C. (1883) Die Struma retropharyngo-oesophagea. Deutsche Z. Chir. 18:255-292.

Kazanjian, V.H. and E.M. Holmes. (1946) Stenosis of the nasopharynx and its correction. Arch. Otolaryngol. 44:261-273.

Kleinert, M.N. (1933) Branchial fistula. Arch. Otolaryngol. 18:510-515.

Kopsch, F. (1908) Rauber's Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen. Georg Thieme, Leipzig.

Koslowsky, B. (1889) Ein Fall von angeborener Hals-Schlundkopffistel (Fistula colli congenita). Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 117:108-150.

Kostanecki, K. von. (1889) Zur Kenntnis der Pharynxdivertikel des Menschen mit besonder Berucksichtgung der Divertikelbildungen im Nasenrachenraum. Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 117:108-150.

Ladd, W.E. and R.E. Gross. (1938) Congenital branchiogenic anomalies: A report of 82 cases. Am. J. Surg. 39:234-248.

Melchionna, R.H. and R.A. Moore. (1938) The pharyngeal pituitary gland. Am. J. Pathol. 14:763-773.

Meskin, L.H., Gorlin, R.J. and R.J. Issacson. (1964) Abnormal morphology of the soft palate: 1. The prevalence of cleft uvula. Cleft Palate J. 1:342-346.

Meskin, L.H., Gorlin, R.J. and R.J. Issacson. (1965) Abnormal morphology of the soft palate: 2. The genetics of cleft palate. Cleft Palate J. 2:40.

New, G.B. (1947) Congenital cysts of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the pharynx and larynx. Arch. Otolaryngol. 45:145-158.

Poe, D.L. and P.S. Seager. (1948) Congenital laryngeal web: Its eradication. Arch. Otolaryngol. 47:46- 48.

Ritchie, H.P. (1934) Congenital clefts of the face and jaws. Arch. Surg. 28:616-658.

Shpfintzen, R.J., Schwartz, R.H., Daniller, A. and L. Hoch. (1985) Morphologic significance of bifid uvula. Pediatrics 75(3):553-561.

Snook, T. (1934) The later development of the bursa pharyngea: Homo. Anat. Rec. 58:303-319.

Ssokolow, P. (1904) Der Canalis cranio-pharyngeus. Arch. für Anat. u. Physiol. 1904:71-79.

Taylor, G.D. (1972) The bifid uvula. The laryngoscope. 82:771-778.

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